Occupational Psychiatric Disorders in Korea

We searched databases and used various online resources to identify and systematically review all articles on occupational psychiatric disorders among Korean workers published in English and Korean before 2009. Three kinds of occupational psychiatric disorders were studied: disorders related to job stress and mental illness, psychiatric symptoms emerging in victims of industrial injuries, and occupational psychiatric disorders compensated by Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI). Korea does not maintain official statistical records for occupational psychiatric disorders, but several studies have estimated the number of occupational psychiatric disorders using the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (COMWEL, formerly KLWC) database. The major compensated occupational psychiatric disorders in Korea were "personality and behavioral disorders due to brain disease, damage, and dysfunction", "other mental disorders due to brain damage and dysfunction and to physical diseases", "reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders", and "depressive episodes". The most common work-related psychiatric disorders, excluding accidents, were "neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders" followed by "mood disorders".

Culture- and antigen-negative meningitis in Guatemalan children / Meningitis negativa a pruebas antigénicas y de cultivo en niños guatemaltecos

OBJECTIVE: To compare children with confirmed bacterial meningitis (CBM) and those with culture- and latex-negative meningitis (CLN). METHODS: Children 1 to 59 months of age admitted to three major referral hospitals in Guatemala City with clinical signs compatible with bacterial infections were evaluated prospectively between 1 October 1996 and 31 December 2005. Bacterial cultures and latex agglutination antigen testing were performed on samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS: The case-fatality rate was significantly higher in the 493 children with CBM than in the 528 children with CLN (27.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively; P < 0.001). Children with CBM were less likely to have received antibiotics and more likely to have seizures, shock, or coma on admission than children with CLN. Among the 182 CBM survivors and 205 CLN survivors studied between October 2000 and December 2005, clinically observed sequelae were present at discharge in a higher percentage of the CBM than of the CLN group (78.6 percent and 46.8 percent, respectively; P < 0.0001). CSF glucose < 10 mg/dL, peripheral neutrophils < 2 000 cells/mm³, coma or shock at admission, and concurrent sepsis or pneumonia were risk factors for mortality in children with CBM; only coma or shock at admission predicted mortality in children with CLN. CONCLUSIONS: The high case-fatality and sequelae rates suggest that many children with CLN may have had bacterial meningitis. Estimates based on confirmed meningitis alone underestimate the true vaccine-preventable disease burden. Additional studies to determine etiologies of CLN in this population are indicated.

OBJETIVO: Comparar los casos infantiles de meningitis bacteriana confirmada (MBC) y meningitis negativa a pruebas de látex y de cultivo (MNLC). MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron los niños de 1 a 59 meses de edad ingresados en tres grandes hospitales de referencia de la Ciudad de Guatemala entre el 1 de octubre de 1996 y el 31 de diciembre de 2005 con signos clínicos de infección bacteriana. Se realizaron cultivos bacterianos y pruebas de aglutinación antigénica con látex en muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). RESULTADOS: La tasa de letalidad fue significativamente mayor en los 493 niños con MBC que en los 528 niños con MNLC (27,6 por ciento y 14,9 por ciento, respectivamente; P < 0,001). Los niños con MBC tuvieron menor probabilidad de recibir antibióticos y mayor de sufrir convulsiones, choques o entrar en coma al ser ingresados que los niños con MNLC. Se observó un mayor porcentaje de manifestaciones clínicas de secuelas al alta hospitalaria en los 182 niños sobrevivientes con MBC que en los 205 sobrevivientes con MNLC estudiados entre octubre de 2000 y diciembre de 2005 (78,6 por ciento y 46,8 por ciento, respectivamente; P < 0,0001). Los factores de riesgo de muerte en los niños con MBC fueron: glucosa en LCR < 10 mg/dL, neutrófilos periféricos < 2 000 células/mm³, coma o choque al ingreso, y sepsis o neumonía concurrentes; solo el coma y el choque al ingreso predijeron la muerte en niños con MNLC. CONCLUSIONES: Las altas tasas de letalidad y de secuelas indican que muchos niños con MNLC pueden haber tenido meningitis bacteriana. Las estadísticas basadas solamente en los casos confirmados de meningitis subestiman la verdadera carga de enfermedad prevenible mediante vacuna. Se deben emprender estudios adicionales para determinar las etiologías de la MNLC en esta población.

Estudio neuroepidemiológico nacional (EPINEURO) colombiano / National neuroepidemiological study in Colombia (EPINEURO)

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de ocho problemas neurológicos -migraña, enfermedad cerebrovascular, enfermedad de Parkinson, neuropatía periférica, trastornos del desarrollo neurológico, epilepsia, demencia y secuelas de traumatismo craneoencefálico- en Colombia como parte del estudio neuroepidemiológico nacional (EPINEURO). MÉTODOS: Se realizó una encuesta transversal en dos fases entre septiembre de 1995 y gosto de 1996. En la primera fase se identificó a las personas que podían estar padeciendo alguna enfermedad neurológica y en la segunda se hizo el diagnóstico específico. Se xaminó una muestra de 8 910 personas distribuidas en proporción con la población de cada una de las cinco zonas geográficas de Colombia, que son las regiones entral, sudoccidental, noroccidental, oriental y la costa caribe. La evaluación se realizó según una versión odificada del protocolo de neuroepidemiología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, además de un examen físico simplificado. A los posibles pacientes de demencia identificados se les aplicó un examen neuropsicológico, diseñado para este estudio, con el fin de profundizar en los aspectos cognoscitivos. Se aplicaron las escalas de Hachinski, Yesavage y Blessed y los criterios iagnósticos del NINCDS-ADRDA para la enfermedad de Alzheimer, los del NINDS-AIREN para la demencia de origen vascular y los del DSM-IV para todo tipo de demencia. Se realizó una ncuesta para determinar si había secuelas de traumatismo craneoencefálico. Las personas mayores de 12 años fueron evaluadas por neurólogos de adultos y los menores de 12 años por un neuropediatra. Se calcularon las prevalencias de trastornos neurológicos por edad y sexo, tanto por egión como para el país en su totalidad, y sus intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia por 1 000 habitantes de los trastornos investigados ueron las siguientes: migraña, 71,2 (intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento [IC95 por ciento]: 65,5 a 76,8); trastornos del desarrollo neurológico, 46,1 (IC95 por ciento: 35,5 a 58,9); enfermedad cerebrovascular, 19,9 (IC95 por ciento: 14,3 a 27,4); demencia, 13,1 (IC95 por ciento: 8,5 a 9,3); epilepsia, 10,3 (IC95 por ciento: 8,5 a 13,0); neuropatía periférica, 8,5 (IC95 por ciento: 6,8 a 10,7); secuelas de traumatismo craneoencefálico, 6,4 (IC95 por ciento: 5,0 a 7,8) y enfermedad de Parkinson 4,7 (IC95 or ciento: 2,2 a 8,9)...

Cortical, brainstem and autonomic nervous system dysfunction in infants with post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of central and autonomic dysfunction by means of electroencephalographic (EEG) and cardio-pneumographic recording (CPGR) in infants with Post-Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus (PHH). METHODS: Nineteen infants with PHH were studied, born from October 1998 to January 2000. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by cephalic perimeter measurement and ultrasonographic study. Eight channel bipolar EEG and CPGR were performed after sleep deprivation, EEG features studied were: Temporal organization, symmetry, synchrony, frequency of normal and abnormal patterns. CPGR features studied were: Frequency of apnea and temporal organization by means of beat to beat variability. RESULTS: Averages of birth's age and weight, Apgar scores at one and five minutes, and cephalic perimeter showed lower values in PHH infants. PHH infants showed abnormalities in EEG and CPGR such as: Higher discontinuous activity (63), asymmetry (73), asynchrony (89), abnormal EEG patterns (89), apnea (26) and absence of heart rate variability (63). CONCLUSIONS: EEG and CPGR recordings are a useful tools in the examination of infants with PHH. These findings suggest cortical-subcortical, and brainstem dysfunction with severe encephalopathy and autonomic nervous dysfunction related to ventricular dilatation in infants with PHH.

Stroke in children in Yaounde, Cameroon.

Thirty five children aged 5 months to 15 years suffering from stroke were studied from August 1984 to July 1990 from two hospitals in order to determine the incidence, the etiological factors and the short term outcome of the stroke. The average annual incidence was 1.85 per 1000 pediatric hospitalizations. There was a progressive rise in the number of cases from 1985, with a peak in 1990. Motor impairment of one half of the body was the commonest clinical feature seen in 97.1% of the cases. Other clinical signs were: facial paralysis (62.9%) and aphasia (28.6%). The main etiological factors were: homozygous sickle cell disease (31.4%), heart disease (17.1%), cerebral malaria (14.3%) and meningitis (14.3%). No causative factor was identified in 7 patients (20%). The mortality rate was low (2.9%) and all the children had neurological deficit after a mean hospital stay of 15 days. Laboratory investigations including lipid analysis, platelet count, and skull X-rays proved to be of no diagnostic value. However, computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the diagnosis of ischemic stroke whenever it could be done.